Passive Electronic Component Handbook Pdf

Posted on 26.08.2019by admin

Passive Electronic Component Handbook Pdf
Testing Electronic Components Pdf

The Main Difference between Active and Passive Components

Capacitors are electronic components that store, filter and regulate electrical energy and current flow and are one of the essential passive components used in circuit boards. Capacitors are primarily used for storing electrical charges, conducting alternating current (AC), and blocking or separating different voltages levels of direct current. If a component needs an immediate supply of electrons, the capacitor can supply those electrons. In an electronic circuit, if the polarity is wrong, you can fry your components. A diode in your system will help to prevent problems. Diodes have a bar.

Active and Passive Commonest (Very Easy Explanation with Examples)

Active Components:
Those devices or components which required external source to their operation is called Active Components.
For Example: Diode, Transistors, SCR etc…
Explanation and Example: As we know that Diode is an Active Components. So it is required an External Source to its operation.
Because,Â If we connect a Diode in a Circuit and then connect this circuit to the Supply voltage., then Diode will not conduct the current Until the supply voltage reach to 0.3(In case of Germanium) or 0.7V(In case of Silicon). I think you got it ðŸ™‚

Passive Components:

Those devices or components which do not required external source to their operation is called Passive Components.Â
For Example: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor etc…

Explanation and Example: Passive Components do not require external source to their operation.
Like a Diode, Resistor does not require 0.3 0r 0.7 V. I.e., when we connect a resistor to the supply voltage, it starts work automatically without using a specific voltage. If you understood the above statement about active Components, then you will easily get this example. ðŸ™‚In other words:

Active Components:
Those devices or components which produce energy in the form of Voltage or Current are called as Active Components
For Example: Diodes Transistors SCR etcâ€¦

Passive Components:
Those devices or components which store or maintain Energy in the form of Voltage or Current are known as Passive Components
For Example:Â Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor etc…

In very Simple words;
Active Components: Energy Donor
Passive Components: Energy Acceptor
Also Passive Components are in linear and Active Components are in non linear category.

You may Also read:

What is the difference between AC and DC Resistance?
What is the Difference between Unilateral and Bi-Lateral Circuits & Elements?
What is the Main Difference between Linear and Nonlinear Circuit?
What is the differences between E.M.F and Voltage (P.d)?

Various electronic components.

An electronic component is any basic discrete device or physical entity in an electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields. Electronic components are mostly industrial products, available in a singular form and are not to be confused with electrical elements, which are conceptual abstractions representing idealized electronic components.

Electronic components have a number of electrical terminals or leads. These leads connect to other electrical components, often over wire, to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Basic electronic components may be packaged discretely, as arrays or networks of like components, or integrated inside of packages such as semiconductorintegrated circuits, hybrid integrated circuits, or thick film devices. The following list of electronic components focuses on the discrete version of these components, treating such packages as components in their own right.

2Active components
- 2.1Semiconductors
3Passive components
4Electromechanical
5Electromechanical

Classification[edit]

Components can be classified as passive, active, or electromechanic. The strict physics definition treats passive components as ones that cannot supply energy themselves, whereas a battery would be seen as an active component since it truly acts as a source of energy.

However, electronic engineers who perform circuit analysis use a more restrictive definition of passivity. When only concerned with the energy of signals, it is convenient to ignore the so-called DC circuit and pretend that the power supplying components such as transistors or integrated circuits is absent (as if each such component had its own battery built in), though it may in reality be supplied by the DC circuit. Then, the analysis only concerns the AC circuit, an abstraction that ignores DC voltages and currents (and the power associated with them) present in the real-life circuit. This fiction, for instance, lets us view an oscillator as 'producing energy' even though in reality the oscillator consumes even more energy from a DC power supply, which we have chosen to ignore. Under that restriction, we define the terms as used in circuit analysis as:

Active components rely on a source of energy (usually from the DC circuit, which we have chosen to ignore) and usually can inject power into a circuit, though this is not part of the definition.^[1] Active components include amplifying components such as transistors, triode vacuum tubes (valves), and tunnel diodes.
Passive components can't introduce net energy into the circuit. They also can't rely on a source of power, except for what is available from the (AC) circuit they are connected to. As a consequence they can't amplify (increase the power of a signal), although they may increase a voltage or current (such as is done by a transformer or resonant circuit). Passive components include two-terminal components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers.
Electromechanical components can carry out electrical operations by using moving parts or by using electrical connections

Most passive components with more than two terminals can be described in terms of two-port parameters that satisfy the principle of reciprocity—though there are rare exceptions.^[2] In contrast, active components (with more than two terminals) generally lack that property.

Active components[edit]

Semiconductors[edit]

Diodes[edit]

Conduct electricity easily in one direction, among more specific behaviors.

Diode, rectifier, diode bridge
Schottky diode (hot carrier diode) – super fast diode with lower forward voltage drop
Zener diode – passes current in reverse direction to provide a constant voltage reference
Transient voltage suppression diode (TVS), unipolar or bipolar – used to absorb high-voltage spikes
Varicap, tuning diode, varactor, variable capacitance diode – a diode whose AC capacitance varies according to the DC voltage applied.

Various examples of Light-emitting diodes

Light-emitting diode (LED) – a diode that emits light
Photodiode – passes current in proportion to incident light
- Avalanche photodiode – photodiode with internal gain
- Solar Cell, photovoltaic cell, PV array or panel – produces power from light
DIAC (diode for alternating current), Trigger Diode, SIDAC) – often used to trigger an SCR
Peltier cooler – a semiconductor heat pump
Tunnel diode - very fast diode based on quantum mechanical tunneling
Zener diode- a form of semiconductor diode in which at a critical reverse voltage a large reverse current can flow.

Transistors[edit]

Transistors were considered the invention of the twentieth century that changed electronic circuits forever. A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power.

Field-effect transistors (FET)
- MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor FET) – the most widely manufactured electronic component (also known as MOS transistor)^[3]^[4]
  - PMOS (p-type MOS)
  - NMOS (n-type MOS)
  - CMOS (complementary MOS)
  - Power MOSFET
    - LDMOS (lateral diffused MOSFET)
  - MuGFET (multi-gate field-effect transistor)
    - FinFET (fin field-effect transistor)
  - TFT (thin-film transistor)
- JFET (junction field-effect transistor) – N-channel or P-channel
  - SIT (static induction transistor)
- MESFET (metal semiconductor FET)
- HEMT (high-electron-mobility transistor)
Composite transistors
- IGBT (Insulated-gate bipolar transistor)
Other transistors
- Bipolar junction transistor (BJT, or simply 'transistor') – NPN or PNP
  - Photo transistor – amplified photodetector
- Darlington transistor – NPN or PNP
  - Photo Darlington – amplified photodetector
- Sziklai pair (compound transistor, complementary Darlington)
Thyristors
- Silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) – passes current only after triggered by a sufficient control voltage on its gate
- TRIAC (TRIode for Alternating Current) – bidirectional SCR
- Unijunction transistor (UJT)
- Programmable Unijunction transistor (PUT)
- SITh (static induction thyristor)

Integrated circuits[edit]

Analog
- Hall effect sensor – senses a magnetic field
- Current sensor – senses a current through it

Optoelectronic devices[edit]

Opto-electronics
- Opto-isolator, opto-coupler, photo-coupler – photodiode, BJT, JFET, SCR, TRIAC, zero-crossing TRIAC, open collector IC, CMOS IC, solid state relay (SSR)
- LED display – seven-segment display, sixteen-segment display, dot-matrix display

Display technologies[edit]

Current:

Filament lamp (indicator lamp)
Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) (preformed characters, 7 segment, starburst)
Cathode ray tube (CRT) (dot matrix scan, radial scan (e.g. radar), arbitrary scan (e.g. oscilloscope)) (monochrome & colour)
LCD (preformed characters, dot matrix) (passive, TFT) (monochrome, colour)
Neon (individual, 7 segment display)
LED (individual, 7 segment display, starburst display, dot matrix)
Flap indicator (numeric, preprinted messages)
Plasma display (dot matrix)

Obsolete:

Incandescent filament 7 segment display (aka 'Numitron')
Dekatron (aka glow transfer tube)
Magic eye tube indicator
Penetron (a 2 colour see-through CRT)

Vacuum tubes (valves)[edit]

A vacuum tube is based on current conduction through a vacuum (see Vacuum tube).

Diode or rectifier tube

Amplification
Oscillation
- Reflex Klystron (obsolete)

Optical detectors or emitters

Phototube or photodiode – tube equivalent of semiconductor photodiode
Photomultiplier tube – phototube with internal gain
Cathode ray tube (CRT) or television picture tube (obsolete)
Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) – modern non-raster sort of small CRT display
Magic eye tube – small CRT display used as a tuning meter (obsolete)
X-ray tube – generates x-rays

Discharge devices[edit]

Obsolete:

Voltage regulator tube

Power sources[edit]

Sources of electrical power:

Battery – acid- or alkali-based power supply.
Fuel cell – an electrochemical generator
Power supply – usually a main hook-up
Photo voltaic device – generates electricity from light
Thermo electric generator – generates electricity from temperature gradients
Electrical generator – an electromechanical power source
Piezoelectric generator - generates electricity from mechanical strain
Van de Graaff generator - generates electricity from friction

Passive components[edit]

Components incapable of controlling current by means of another electrical signal are called passive devices. Resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers are all considered passive devices.

Resistors[edit]

SMD resistors on a backside of a PCB

Pass current in proportion to voltage (Ohm's law) and oppose current.

Resistor – fixed value
- Power resistor – larger to safely dissipate heat generated
- SIP or DIP resistor network – array of resistors in one package
Variable resistor
- Rheostat – two-terminal variable resistor (often for high power)
- Potentiometer – three-terminal variable resistor (variable voltage divider)
- Trim pot – small potentiometer, usually for internal adjustments
- Thermistor – thermally sensitive resistor whose prime function is to exhibit a large, predictable and precise change in electrical resistance when subjected to a corresponding change in body temperature.^[5]
- Humistor – humidity-varied resistor
- Varistor, Voltage Dependent Resistor, MOV – Passes current when excessive voltage is present
Resistance wire, Nichrome wire – wire of high-resistance material, often used as a heating element
Heater – heating element

Capacitors[edit]

Some different capacitors for electronic equipment

Capacitors store and release electrical charge. They are used for filtering power supply lines, tuning resonant circuits, and for blocking DC voltages while passing AC signals, among numerous other uses.

Capacitor
- Integrated capacitors
  - Trench capacitor
- Fixed capacitors
  - Electrolytic capacitor
    - Polymer capacitor, OS-CON
  - Supercapacitor (Electric double-layer capacitor)
  - Mica capacitor
  - Vacuum capacitor
- Variable capacitor – adjustable capacitance
  - Tuning capacitor – variable capacitor for tuning a radio, oscillator, or tuned circuit
  - Trim capacitor – small variable capacitor for seldom or rare adjustments of LC-circuits
- Capacitors for special applications
  - Power capacitor
  - Safety capacitor
- Capacitor network (array)
Varicap diode – AC capacitance varies according to the DC voltage applied

Magnetic (inductive) devices[edit]

Electrical components that use magnetism in the storage and release of electrical charge through current:

Inductor, coil, choke
Variable inductor
Magnetic amplifier (toroid)
Motor / Generator
Loudspeaker and microphone

Memristor[edit]

Electrical components that pass charge in proportion to magnetism or magnetic flux, and have the ability to retain a previous resistive state, hence the name of Memory plus Resistor.

Networks[edit]

Components that use more than one type of passive component:

RC network – forms an RC circuit, used in snubbers
LC Network – forms an LC circuit, used in tunable transformers and RFI filters.

Transducers, sensors, detectors[edit]

Transducers generate physical effects when driven by an electrical signal, or vice versa.
Sensors (detectors) are transducers that react to environmental conditions by changing their electrical properties or generating an electrical signal.
The transducers listed here are single electronic components (as opposed to complete assemblies), and are passive (see Semiconductors and Tubes for active ones). Only the most common ones are listed here.

Audio
- Loudspeaker – Electromagnetic or piezoelectric device to generate full audio
- Buzzer – Electromagnetic or piezoelectric sounder to generate tones
Position, motion
- Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) – Magnetic – detects linear position
- Rotary encoder, Shaft Encoder – Optical, magnetic, resistive or switches – detects absolute or relative angle or rotational speed
- Inclinometer – Capacitive – detects angle with respect to gravity
- Motion sensor, Vibration sensor
- Flow meter – detects flow in liquid or gas
Force, torque
- Strain gauge – Piezoelectric or resistive – detects squeezing, stretching, twisting
- Accelerometer – Piezoelectric – detects acceleration, gravity
Thermal
- Thermocouple, thermopile – Wires that generate a voltage proportional to delta temperature
- Thermistor – Resistor whose resistance changes with temperature, up PTC or down NTC
- Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) – Wire whose resistance changes with temperature
- Bolometer – Device for measuring the power of incident electromagnetic radiation
- Thermal cutoff – Switch that is opened or closed when a set temperature is exceeded
Magnetic field (see also Hall Effect in semiconductors)
- Magnetometer, Gauss meter
Humidity
Electromagnetic, light
- Photo resistor – Light dependent resistor (LDR)

Antennas[edit]

Antennas transmit or receive radio waves

Assemblies, modules[edit]

Multiple electronic components assembled in a device that is in itself used as a component

Display devices
- Liquid crystal display (LCD)

Prototyping aids[edit]

Electromechanical[edit]

A quartz crystal (left) and a crystal oscillator

Piezoelectric devices, crystals, resonators[edit]

Passive components that use piezoelectric effect:

Components that use the effect to generate or filter high frequencies
- Crystal – a ceramic crystal used to generate precise frequencies (See the Modules class below for complete oscillators)
- Ceramic resonator – Is a ceramic crystal used to generate semi-precise frequencies
- Ceramic filter – Is a ceramic crystal used to filter a band of frequencies such as in radio receivers
- surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters
Components that use the effect as mechanical transducers.
- Ultrasonic motor – Electric motor that uses the piezoelectric effects
- For piezo buzzers and microphones, see the Transducer class below

Terminals and connectors[edit]

Devices to make electrical connection

Connector

Cable assemblies[edit]

Electrical cables with connectors or terminals at their ends

2 different miniature pushbutton switches

Switches[edit]

Components that can pass current ('closed') or break the current ('open'):

Switch – Manually operated switch
- Electrical description: SPST, SPDT, DPST, DPDT, NPNT (general)
- Technology: slide switches, toggle switches, rocker switches, rotary switches, pushbutton switches
Keypad – Array of pushbutton switches
DIP switch – Small array of switches for internal configuration settings
Footswitch – Foot-operated switch
Knife switch – Switch with unenclosed conductors
Micro switch – Mechanically activated switch with snap action
Limit switch – Mechanically activated switch to sense limit of motion
Mercury switch – Switch sensing tilt
Centrifugal switch – Switch sensing centrifugal force due to rate of rotation
Relay or contactor – Electro-mechanically operated switch (see also solid state relay above)
Reed switch – Magnetically activated switch
Thermostat – Thermally activated switch
Humidistat – Humidity activated switch
Circuit breaker – Switch opened in response to excessive current: a resettable fuse

Protection devices[edit]

Passive components that protect circuits from excessive currents or voltages:

Fuse – over-current protection, one time use
Circuit breaker – resettable fuse in the form of a mechanical switch
Resettable fuse or PolySwitch – circuit breaker action using solid state device
Ground-fault protection or residual-current device – circuit breaker sensitive to mains currents passing to ground
Metal oxide varistor (MOV), surge absorber, TVS – Over-voltage protection
Inrush current limiter – protection against initial Inrush current
Gas discharge tube – protection against high voltage surges
Spark gap – electrodes with a gap to arc over at a high voltage
Lightning arrester – spark gap used to protect against lightning strikes

Mechanical accessories[edit]

Other[edit]

Obsolete[edit]

Carbon amplifier (see Carbon microphones used as amplifiers)
Carbon arc (negative resistance device)
Dynamo (historic rf generator)