Environmental Ethics Pdf

Posted on by admin

Environmental ethics is the part of environmental philosophy which considers extending the traditional boundaries of ethics from solely including humans to including the non-human world. It exerts influence on a large range of disciplines including environmental law, environmental sociology, ecotheology, ecological economics, ecology and environmental geography.

There are many ethical decisions that human beings make with respect to the environment. For example:

  • Should humans continue to clear cut forests for the sake of human consumption?
  • Why should humans continue to propagate its species, and life itself? [1]
  • Should humans continue to make gasoline-powered vehicles?
  • What environmental obligations do humans need to keep for future generations?[2][3]
  • Is it right for humans to knowingly cause the extinction of a species for the convenience of humanity?
  • How should humans best use and conserve the space environment to secure and expand life?[4]
  • What role can Planetary Boundaries play in reshaping the human-earth relationship?[5]

Humans in the natural world, environmental ethics as a subfield of philosophy didn’t really get its start until the early 1970s. Partly as a result of the growing environmental consciousness and social movements of the 1960s, public interest increased in questions about humans’ moral relationship with the rest of the natural world.

The academic field of environmental ethics grew up in response to the works of Rachel Carson and Murray Bookchin and events such as the first Earth Day in 1970, when environmentalists started urging philosophers to consider the philosophical aspects of environmental problems. Two papers published in Science had a crucial impact: Lynn White's 'The Historical Roots of our Ecologic Crisis' (March 1967)[6] and Garrett Hardin's 'The Tragedy of the Commons' (December 1968).[7] Also influential was Garett Hardin's later essay called 'Exploring New Ethics for Survival', as well as an essay by Aldo Leopold in his A Sand County Almanac, called 'The Land Ethic,' in which Leopold explicitly claimed that the roots of the ecological crisis were philosophical (1949).[8]

The first international academic journals in this field emerged from North America in the late 1970s and early 1980s – the US-based journal Environmental Ethics in 1979 and the Canadian-based journal The Trumpeter: Journal of Ecosophy in 1983. The first British based journal of this kind, Environmental Values, was launched in 1992.

  • 1Marshall's categories

Marshall's categories[edit]

Some scholars have tried to categorise the various ways the natural environment is valued. Alan Marshall and Michael Smith are two examples of this, as cited by Peter Vardy in 'The Puzzle of Ethics'.[9] According to Marshall, three general ethical approaches have emerged over the last 40 years: Libertarian Extension, the Ecologic Extension and Conservation Ethics.[10]

Libertarian extension[edit]

Marshall’s Libertarian extension echoes a civil liberty approach (i.e. a commitment to extend equal rights to all members of a community). In environmentalism, though, the community is generally thought to consist of non-humans as well as humans.

Andrew Brennan was an advocate of ecologic humanism (eco-humanism), the argument that all ontological entities, animate and in-animate, can be given ethical worth purely on the basis that they exist. The work of Arne Næss and his collaborator Sessions also falls under the libertarian extension, although they preferred the term 'deep ecology'. Deep ecology is the argument for the intrinsic value or inherent worth of the environment – the view that it is valuable in itself. Their argument, incidentally, falls under both the libertarian extension and the ecologic extension.

Peter Singer's work can be categorized under Marshall's 'libertarian extension'. He reasoned that the 'expanding circle of moral worth' should be redrawn to include the rights of non-human animals, and to not do so would be guilty of speciesism. Singer found it difficult to accept the argument from intrinsic worth of a-biotic or 'non-sentient' (non-conscious) entities, and concluded in his first edition of 'Practical Ethics' that they should not be included in the expanding circle of moral worth.[11] This approach is essentially then, bio-centric. However, in a later edition of 'Practical Ethics' after the work of Næss and Sessions, Singer admits that, although unconvinced by deep ecology, the argument from intrinsic value of non-sentient entities is plausible, but at best problematic. Singer advocated a humanist ethics.

Ecologic extension[edit]

Alan Marshall's category of ecologic extension places emphasis not onhuman rights but on the recognition of the fundamental interdependence of all biological (and some abiological) entities and their essential diversity. Whereas Libertarian Extension can be thought of as flowing from a political reflection of the natural world, ecologic extension is best thought of as a scientific reflection of the natural world. Ecological Extension is roughly the same classification of Smith's eco-holism, and it argues for the intrinsic value inherent in collectiveecological entities like ecosystems or the global environment as a whole entity. Holmes Rolston, among others, has taken this approach.

This category might include James Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis; the theory that the planet earth alters its geo-physiological structure over time in order to ensure the continuation of an equilibrium of evolving organic and inorganic matter. The planet is characterized as a unified, holistic entity with ethical worth of which the human race is of no particular significance in the long run.

Conservation ethics[edit]

Marshall's category of 'conservation ethics' is an extension of use-value into the non-human biological world. It focuses only on the worth of the environment in terms of its utility or usefulness to humans. It contrasts the intrinsic value ideas of 'deep ecology', hence is often referred to as 'shallow ecology', and generally argues for the preservation of the environment on the basis that it has extrinsic value – instrumental to the welfare of human beings. Conservation is therefore a means to an end and purely concerned with mankind and inter-generational considerations. It could be argued that it is this ethic that formed the underlying arguments proposed by Governments at the Kyoto summit in 1997 and three agreements reached in Rio in 1992.[citation needed]

Humanist theories[edit]

Peter Singer advocated the preservation of 'world heritage sites,' unspoilt parts of the world that acquire a 'scarcity value' as they diminish over time. Their preservation is a bequest for future generations as they have been inherited from human's ancestors and should be passed down to future generations so they can have the opportunity to decide whether to enjoy unspoilt countryside or an entirely urban landscape. A good example of a world heritage site would be the tropical rainforest, a very specialist ecosystem that has taken centuries to evolve. Clearing the rainforest for farmland often fails due to soil conditions, and once disturbed, can take thousands of years to regenerate.

Applied theology[edit]

Pope Francis’s environmental encyclical Laudato si' has been welcomed by many environmental organisations of different faiths - Interfaith march in Rome to call for climate action

The Christian world view sees the universe as created by God, and humankind accountable to God for the use of the resources entrusted to humankind. Ultimate values are seen in the light of being valuable to God. This applies both in breadth of scope - caring for people (Matthew 25) and environmental issues, e.g. environmental health (Deuteronomy 22.8; 23.12-14) - and dynamic motivation, the love of Christ controlling (2 Corinthians 5.14f) and dealing with the underlying spiritual disease of sin, which shows itself in selfishness and thoughtlessness. In many countries this relationship of accountability is symbolised at harvest thanksgiving. (B.T. Adeney : Global Ethics in New Dictionary of Christian Ethics and Pastoral Theology 1995 Leicester)

Abrahamic religious scholars have used theology to motivate the public. John L. O'Sullivan, who coined the term Manifest destiny, and other influential people like him used Abrahamic ideologies to encourage action. These religious scholars, columnists and politicians historically have used these ideas and continue to do so to justify the consumptive tendencies of a young America around the time of the Industrial Revolution. In order to solidify the understanding that God had intended for humankind to use earths natural resources, environmental writers and religious scholars alike proclaimed that humans are separate from nature, on a higher order.[12] Those that may critique this point of view may ask the same question that John Muir asks ironically in a section of his novel A Thousand Mile Walk to the Gulf, why are there so many dangers in the natural world in the form of poisonous plants, animals and natural disasters, The answer is that those creatures are a result of Adam and Eve's sins in the garden of Eden.[13]

Since the turn of the 20th century, the application of theology in environmentalism diverged into two schools of thought. The first system of understanding holds religion as the basis of environmental stewardship. The second sees the use of theology as a means to rationalize the unmanaged consumptions of natural resources. Lynn White and Calvin DeWitt represent each side of this dichotomy.

John Muir personified nature as an inviting place away from the loudness of urban centers. 'For Muir and the growing number of Americans who shared his views, Satan's home had become God's Own Temple.'[14] The use of Abrahamic religious allusions assisted Muir and the Sierra Club to create support for some of the first public nature preserves.

Authors like Terry Tempest Williams as well as John Muir build on the idea that '..God can be found wherever you are, especially outside. Family worship was not just relegated to Sunday in a chapel.'[15] References like these assist the general public to make a connection between paintings done at the Hudson River School, Ansel Adams' photographs, along with other types of media, and their religion or spirituality. Placing intrinsic value upon nature through theology is a fundamental idea of Deep ecology.

Anthropocentrism[edit]

Anthropocentrism is the position that humans are the most important or critical element in any given situation; that the human race must always be its own primary concern. Detractors of anthropocentrism argue that the Western tradition biases homo sapiens when considering the environmental ethics of a situation and that humans evaluate their environment or other organisms in terms of the utility for them (see speciesism). Many argue that all environmental studies should include an assessment of the intrinsic value of non-human beings.[16] In fact, based on this very assumption, a philosophical article has explored recently the possibility of humans' willing extinction as a gesture toward other beings.[17] The authors refer to the idea as a thought experiment that should not be understood as a call for action.

Baruch Spinoza reasoned that if humans were to look at things objectively, they would discover that everything in the universe has a unique value. Likewise, it is possible that a human-centred or anthropocentric/androcentric ethic is not an accurate depiction of reality, and there is a bigger picture that humans may or may not be able to understand from a human perspective.

Peter Vardy distinguished between two types of anthropocentrism.[18] A strong anthropocentric ethic argues that humans are at the center of reality and it is right for them to be so. Weak anthropocentrism, however, argues that reality can only be interpreted from a human point of view, thus humans have to be at the centre of reality as they see it.

Another point of view has been developed by Bryan Norton, who has become one of the essential actors of environmental ethics by launching environmental pragmatism, now one of its leading trends. Environmental pragmatism refuses to take a stance in disputes between defenders of anthropocentrist and non-anthropocentrist ethics. Instead, Norton distinguishes between strong anthropocentrism and weak-or-extended-anthropocentrism and argues that the former must underestimate the diversity of instrumental values humans may derive from the natural world.[19]

A recent view relates anthropocentrism to the future of life. Biotic ethics are based on the human identity as part of gene/protein organic life whose effective purpose is self-propagation. This implies a human purpose to secure and propagate life.[1][4] Humans are central because only they can secure life beyond the duration of the Sun, possibly for trillions of eons.[20]Biotic ethics values life itself, as embodied in biological structures and processes. Humans are special because they can secure the future of life on cosmological scales. In particular, humans can continue sentient life that enjoys its existence, adding further motivation to propagate life. Humans can secure the future of life, and this future can give human existence a cosmic purpose.[1][4]

Status of the field[edit]

Only after 1990 did the field gain institutional recognition at programs such as Colorado State University, the University of Montana, Bowling Green State University, and the University of North Texas. In 1991, Schumacher College of Dartington, England, was founded and now provides an MSc in Holistic Science.

These programs began to offer a master's degree with a specialty in environmental ethics/philosophy. Beginning in 2005 the Department of Philosophy and Religion Studies at the University of North Texas offered a PhD program with a concentration in environmental ethics/philosophy.

In Germany, the University of Greifswald has recently established an international program in Landscape Ecology & Nature Conservation with a strong focus on environmental ethics. In 2009, the University of Munich and Deutsches Museum founded the Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, an international, interdisciplinary center for research and education in the environmental humanities.

See also[edit]

  • Earth Economics (policy think tank)
  • EcoQuest (a series of two educational games)

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ abcMautner, Michael N. (2009). 'Life-centered ethics, and the human future in space'(PDF). Bioethics. 23: 433–440. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00688.x. PMID19077128.
  2. ^'Climate change victims estimated at millions in the near future, according to Christian Aid'. Archived from the original on 2008-08-07. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  3. ^Reuters (11 December 2003). 'Global Warming Killing Thousands' – via www.wired.com.
  4. ^ abcMautner, Michael N. (2000). Seeding the Universe with Life: Securing Our Cosmological Future(PDF). Washington D. C.: Legacy Books. ISBN0-476-00330-X.
  5. ^Steffen, Will (2015). 'Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing plant'(PDF).
  6. ^White, Lynn (March 1967). 'The Historical Roots of our Ecologic Crisis'. Science. 155 (3767): 1203–1207. doi:10.1126/science.155.3767.1203. PMID17847526.
  7. ^Hardin, Garrett (December 1968). 'The Tragedy of the Commons'(PDF). Science. 162 (3859): 1243–8. doi:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243. PMID5699198. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-07-19.
  8. ^Leopold, Aldo (1949). 'The Land Ethic'. A Sand County Almanac. ISBN1-59726-045-2.
  9. ^Peter Vardy, Paul Grosch: The Puzzle of Ethics. New York: Harper Collins 1999.
  10. ^Marshall, Alan. Ethics and the Extraterrestrial Environment. In: Journal of Applied Philosophy, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1993, pp. 227-236. (Also see: Alan Marshall's book 'The Unity of Nature', Imperial College Press: London, 2002). ISSN1468-5930.
  11. ^Peter Singer: Practical Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2011.
  12. ^Scott, Peter. Ecology: Religious or Secular? Heythrop Journal. Jan 1997, Vol. 38 Issue 1.
  13. ^Muir, John. From A Thousand-mile Walk to the Gulf. American Earth: Environmental Writing Since Thoreau. Ed. Bill McKibben. N.p.: The Library of America, 2008. 85-89.
  14. ^William Cronon, ed., Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature, New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1995, 69-90;
  15. ^Williams, Terry T. Refuge : an unnatural history of family and place. New York: Vintage Books, 1992. Print.
  16. ^Singer, Peter. 'Environmental Values.The Oxford Book of Travel Stories. Ed. Ian Marsh. Melbourne, Australia: Longman Cheshire, 1991. 12-16.
  17. ^Tarik Kochi & Noam Ordan, 'An Argument for the Global Suicide of Humanity'. Borderlands, 2008, Vol. 3, 1-21.
  18. ^Peter Vardy and Paul Grosch (1999), .The Puzzle of Ethics., p. 231.
  19. ^Afeissa, H. S. (2008). 'The Transformative value of Ecological Pragmatism. An Introduction to the Work of Bryan G. Norton'. S.A.P.I.EN.S.1 (1).
  20. ^Mautner, Michael N. (2005). 'Life in the cosmological future: Resources, biomass and populations'(PDF). Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 58: 167–180.

Further reading[edit]

  • Ip, King-Tak (2009). Environmental Ethics: Intercultural Perspectives. Rodopi. ISBN9789042025950.
  • Yunt, Jeremy D. 2017. Faithful to Nature: Paul Tillich and the Spiritual Roots of Environmental Ethics. Barred Owl Books.

External links[edit]

Wikiversity has learning resources about Topic:Climate change
  • EnviroLink Library: Environmental Ethics - online resource for environmental ethics information
  • Environmental Ethics entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  • Creation Care Reading Room: Extensive online resources for environment and faith (Tyndale Seminary)
  • Category List --- Religion-Online.org 'Ecology/Environment'
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_ethics&oldid=903019974'

'Environmental Ethics.' Pages 517-530 in Nicholas Bunnin and E. P. Tsui-James, eds., The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy, 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. Download/print in PDF format.

Translated into Portuguese, 'Éticaambiental,' pp. 557ff in Compêndio de Filosofia, segundaedição, 2007, tradução de Luiz Paulo Rouanet; São Paulo, SP, Brasil; Edições Loyola. ISBN: 978-85-15-03047-7 Download/print in PDF format.

'Life and the Nature of Life--in Parks. Pages 103-113 in David Harmon and Allen D. Putney, eds., The Full Value of Parks: From the Economic to the Intangible. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003. Download/print in PDF format, 512 kb. Reprinted in The George Wright Forum 21 (no. 2, June, 2004):69-77

'What Is our Duty to Nature?', one-page box essay, p. 681 in William K. Purves, David Sandava, Gordon H. Orians, and H. Craig Heller, Life: The Science of Biology, 7th ed. Sunderland MA: Sinauer Associates; W. A. Freeman, 2004. Download/print in PDF format.

'After Preservation? Dynamic Nature in the Anthropocene.' Pages 32-40, 202-203 in Ben A. Minteer and Stephen J. Pyne, eds., After Preservation: Saving American Nature in the Age of Humans. University of Chicago Press, 2015. Download/print in PDF format.


'Challenges in Environmental Ethics.' Pages 135-157 in Michael E. Zimmerman, J. Baird Callicott, George Sessions, Karen J. Warren, and John Clark, eds., Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1993. Pages 124-144, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1998. Pages 126-146, third edition 2001. Pages 82-101 in Michael E. Zimmerman, J. Baird Callicott, Karen J. Warren, Irene J. Klaver, and John Clark, eds., fourth edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2005. Download/print in PDF format.

Reprinted in David E. Cooper and Joy A. Palmer, eds., The Environment in Question (London: Routledge, 1992), pages 135-146.

Reprinted in Lawrence H. Hinman, ed., Contemporary Moral Issues: Diversity and Consensus, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000), pages 587-604. 3rd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2005), pages 427-443.


'Is There an Ecological Ethic?' in Donald Scherer and Thomas W. Attig, eds., Ethics and the Environment (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1983). First published in Ethics: An International Journal of Social and Political Philosophy 85(1975):93-109. Also published in Philosophy Gone Wild.Download/print in PDF Format. Also available online in most university and college libraries through Ethics, JSOR.

Reprinted in J. Baird Callicott and Clare Palmer, eds., Environmental Philosophy: Critical Concepts in the Environment (London: Routledge, 2005), vol. 1, pp. 54-71

Reprinted, as one of ten primary sources in the field, in J. Baird Callicott and Robert Frodeman, eds. Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, Volume 2, pages 492-501. Detroit: Macmillan Reference, Gale.

Reprinted in Robin Attfield, ed., .The Ethics of the Environment (Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate, 2008), pp. 13-29.

Reprinted in Martin Wachs, ed., Ethics in Planning (New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University, 1985).

Reprinted in Klaus Bosselmann and Prue Taylor, eds., Ecological Approaches to Environmental Law (in series The International Library of Comparative Law) (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017), pages 165-181.

Reprinted and translated into Chinese in QiuRenzong, editor, GuowaiZirankexueZhexuewenti 1990 (International Philosophical Problems in Natural Science 1990), Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Institute of Philosophy. Beijing: Social Science Press, 1991. Translated by Ye Ping, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin. Download/Print in PDF format.

СУЩЕСТВУЕТ ЛИ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ЭТИКА [Is there an ecological ethic?] Reprinted and translated into Russian in L. I. Vasilenko and V. E. Ermolaeva (Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences) eds., GlobalniyeProblemyiObshchechelovecheskiyeTsennosti (Global Problems and Human Values) (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1990), pp. 258-288. Download/print in PDF format.

Reprinted and translated into Hungarian, 'Van-e környezetietika ?,' in LáslóMolnár, ed., Környezetietika (Environmental Ethics) (Budapest: Technical University of Budapest, 1996). Download/Print in PDF format.

Reprinted and translated into Italian in MariachiaraTallacchini, ed., Etichedella terra: Antologiadifilosofia dell' ambiente (Milan: Vita e Pensiero, 1998), pages 151-171. Download/print in PDF format.



'The Future of Environmental Ethics,' in Anthony O'Hear, ed., Philosophy and the Environment, Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement (Cambridge University Press, 2011), volume 69(no. 1): 1-28. Revised version of the following. Lecture delivered at The Royal Institute of Philosophy, Session 2009-2010, Programme of Public Lectures, The Environment, October 16, 2009. Download/print in PDF format.

'The Future of Environmental Ethics.' In David R. Keller, ed., Environmental Ethics: The Big Questions (Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), pages 561-574. Also published as: 'The Future of Environmental Ethics,' Teaching Ethics (Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum):8(Fall 2007):1-27. Download/print in PDF format.

'Why Study Environmental Ethics?' In David R. Keller, ed., Environmental Ethics: The Big Questions (Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), pages 40-41. Download/Print in PDF format.

Reprinted, translated into Italian, as 'Perchéstudiare le etichedell'ambiente?' Pages 73-75 in MatteoAndreozzi , ed., Etichedell'Ambiente: Voci e Prospettive [Environmental Ethics: Voices and Perspectives] (Milan: LED EdizioniUniversitarie, 2012). Download/print in PDF Format.

'The Future of Environmental Ethics (2010),' pages 53-69 in Jonathan Beever and Nicolae Morar, eds., Perspectives in Bioethics, Science, and Public Policy (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2013), Revised, shortened version of 'The Future of Environmental Ethics,' Teaching Ethics (Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum):8(no. 1, Fall 2007):1-27, and in David R. Keller, ed., Environmental Ethics: The Big Questions (Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), pages 561-574. See above.



'Environmental Ethics: Values in and Duties to the Natural World.' In F. Herbert Bormann, and Stephen R. Kellert, eds. Ecology, Economics, Ethics: The Broken Circle (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), pp. 73-96. Download/print in PDF Format.

Reprinted in Lori Gruen and Dale Jamieson, eds., Reflecting on Nature: Readings in Environmental Philosophy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994) pp. 65--84.

Plagiarism Finder uses advanced techniques for data processing and data analysis along with the latest technology in the programming field in order to come up with a product which stands at par with anti-plagiarism programs from the other English speaking countries. Plagiarism has always been a major problem in the field of internet marketing, article promotion, and of course, in the field of education. Feedback can be sent to support@devrain.com or @devrain. Plagiarism finder 2 1 keygenguru free. The application would be useful for website owners and online marketers who want to preserve the copyright of their material and keep a track of the reprints of their material.

Reprinted in Richard G. Botzler and Susan J. Armstrong, eds., Environmental Ethics: Divergence and Convergence (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998), pp. 71-86.

Reprinted in Susan J. Armstrong and Richard G. Botzler, eds., Environmental Ethics: Divergence and Convergence, 3rd ed. (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2004), pages 74-87.

Reprinted in Earl R. Winkler and Jerrold R. Coombs, eds., Applied Ethics: A Reader (London: Blackwell, 1993), pp. 271-292.

Reprinted in Donald VanDeVeer and Christne Pierce, eds., The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book: Philosophy, Ecology, Economics , 1st ed.(Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1994), pp. 88-93, 485-492.

Reprinted in Michael Boylan, ed., Environmental Ethics (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001), pages 228-247. 2nd edition (Wiley Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, UK, 2014), pages 135-151.

Reprinted in David Schmidtz and Elizabeth Willott, eds., Environmental Ethics: Introductory Readings (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pages 33-38. In Environmental Ethics: What Really Matters, What Really Works, second edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), pages 66-70.

Reprinted in part as 'Why Species Matter,' in Donald VanDeVeer and Christine Pierce, eds. The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book, 2nd ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1998), pages 504-511.
Reprinted as 环境伦理学 : 自然界的价值和对自然界的义务 [Huanjinglunlixue : zi ran jie de jiazhi he dui zi ran jie de yiwu] [Environmental Ethics: Values in and Duties to the Natural World], in Qiu, Renzong, ed. 国外自然科学哲学问题 [Kuowaitzyjank'ohsüehchehsüehwent'i] [International Philosophical Problems in Natural Science] ). Chung-kuo she huik'ohsueh, 1994, pages 276-295. (Beijing: Chinese Social Science Press, 1994). ISBN 7-5004- 1514-1. Download/print in PDF format.

Reprinted, translated into Spanish as 'Éticaambiental: Valores y deberes en el mundo natural,' pages 293-317 in Teresa Kwiatkowska and Jorge Issa, eds, Los caminos de la éticaambiental (The Ways of Environmental Ethics) (C.P. 06470, Mexico, D.F.: Plaza y ValdésEditores, 1998). Download/print in PDF format.

Electronically reprinted on website, Ecospherics International, Inc., Lanark, Ontario, Canada. http://www.ecospherics.net. Ted Mosquin, editor. View/download text.


'The Land Ethic at the Turn of the Millennium.' Reprinted in Susan J. Armstrong and Richard G. Botzler, eds., Environmental Ethics: Divergence and Convergence, 3rd ed. (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2004), pages 392-399. Originally in Biodiversity and Conservation 9(2000):1045-1058. Download/print in PDF format.

'Nature for Real: Is Nature a Social Construct?' In Timothy D. J. Chappell, ed., The Philosophy of the Environment (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1997), pages 38-64. Download/print in PDF format.

'Are Values in Nature Subjective or Objective?' in Robert Elliot and ArranGare, Environmental Philosophy (St. Lucia, New York, London: University of Queensland Press and University Park, PA and London: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1983).

Also published in Environmental Ethics 4(1982):125-151. Download/Print in PDF format.

Reprinted in Louis P. Pojman, ed., Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application, second edition (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1998), pages 70-81, with response by Ernest Partridge, 'Values in Nature: Is Anybody There?' and response by Rolston, 'Values at Stake: Does Anything Matter?', pages. 88-90. Also published in Environmental Ethics 4(1982):125-151.

Reprinted, translated into Chinese, 'Ziranzhong de jiashishizhuguandehaishikeguande?' in HuanjingyuShehai (Environment and Society) 1(no. 1, 1998):49-55, First half. Second half, 2(no. 1, 1999):53-57, second half. Liu Er, Ye Ping, translators. Download/print in PDF format.



'Naturalizing Values: Organisms and Species,' in Louis P. Pojman, ed., Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application, 3rd ed. (Belmont CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 2001), pages 76-86. Original article first published in this anthology. Download/print in PDF format. Paper given at American Philosophical Association, Washington, DC, December 1998.

With published commentary, Ned Hettinger, 'Comments on Holmes Rolston's `Naturalizing Values',' pages 86-89. 4th edition (Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2005), pages 88-100. 5th edition, Louis P. Pojman and Paul Pojman, eds., Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application (Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2008), pp. 107-120.

'Duties to Ecosystems,' in J. Baird Callicott, ed. Companion to a Sand County Almanac (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987), pp. 246-274. Download/print in PDF format.

'Ecology' in Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics: A Global Resource, 2nd edn., J. Britt Holbrook and Carl Mitcham, eds. Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference USA, Cengage Learning, 2015. vol. 2, pp. 27-31. Download/print in PDF format.

'The Preservation of Natural Value in the Solar System,' in Eugene C. Hargrove, ed., Beyond Spaceship Earth: Environmental Ethics and the Solar System (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1986), pp. 140-182. Originally presented at conference on 'Environmental Ethics and the Solar System,' June 5-8, 1985, University of Georgia, Athens, and sponsored by EVIST, National Science Foundation, and the Planetary Society. Download/print in PDF format.

'The River of Life: Past, Present, and Future,' in Ernest Partridge, ed., Responsibilities to Future Generations (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1981), pp. 123-132. Download/print in PDF format.

Translated into Italian: 'Il fiumedi vita: passato, presente e futuro,'AutAut: rivistadifilosofia e dicultura, Issue 316-317, July-October 2003, pages 139-144. Translated by Roberto Peverelli. Download/print in PDF format.

Translated into Chinese,生命之河 : 过去，现今，未来 [Shengmingzhi he : guoqu, xianjin, weilai] [The River of Life: Past, Present, Future], in Tzu-Mei Chen, ed. 环境伦理学入门 [Huan-Jing Luun-Li-SheiRu-Men] [Introduction to Environmental Ethics], pages 174-189. (Tapei: Taiwan Ecological Stewardship Association, 2007). ISBN 978-986-84047-0-0. Download/print in PDF format.

'Nature and Human Emotions' in Fred D. Miller, Jr., and Thomas W. Attig, eds., Understanding Human Emotions (Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Studies in Applied Philosophy, 1979), volume 1, pages 89-96. Reprinted in Philosophy Gone Wild. Download/print in PDF format.

'Beauty and the Beast: Aesthetic Appreciation of Wildlife,' in Daniel J. Decker and Gary R. Goff, Valuing Wildlife Resources: Economic and Social Perspectives (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987), pp. 187- 207. Download/print in PDF format, 515 kb. Also published in The Trumpeter (Canada) 3, no. 3 (Summer 1986):29-34.

'Beyond Recreational Value: The Greater Outdoors,' in Laura B. Szwak, ed., Americans Outdoors: A Literature Review (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1987) Paper commissioned by President's Commission on Americans Outdoors. Download/print in PDF format.

'The Human Standing in Nature: Fitness in the Moral Overseer,' in Wayne Sumner, Donald Callen, and Thomas Attig, eds., Values and Moral Standing (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Studies in Applied Philosophy, 1986), volume 8, pp. 90-101. Download/print in PDF format.



'Just Environmental Business.' Chapter 11, pages 324-359, in Tom Regan, ed., Just Business: New Introductory Essays in Business Ethics (New York: Random House, 1984). Also published in Philosophy Gone Wild. Download/print in PDF format.

'Environmental Business: An Ethic for Commerce,' pages 149-170 in Dale Westphal and Fred Westphal, eds., Planet in Peril: Essays in Environmental Ethics (Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1994). This article is taken from Rolston, Environmental Ethics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988), Chapter 8.

'Biology Without Conservation: An Environmental Misfit and Contradiction in Terms,' in David Western and Mary C. Pearl, eds., Conservation for the Twenty-first Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 232-240. Download/print PDF file.

'Values Gone Wild' in Susan Armstrong and Richard Botzler, eds., Environmental Ethics: Convergence and Divergence (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993), pages 56-65. Originally published in Inquiry 26(1983):181-207. Also published in Philosophy Gone Wild. Download/print in PDF format.

'Biology and Philosophy in Yellowstone.' In Susan Armstrong and Richard Botzler, eds., Environmental Ethics: Convergence and Divergence, 1st edition, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993), pages 28-38. Originally published in Biology and Philosophy 5(1990):241-258. Download/Print in PDF format.


'Duties to Endangered Species.' BioScience 35(1985):718-726. Download/Print in PDF format.

Reprinted as 'The Value of Species” in the anthology, Tom Regan and Peter Singer, eds., Animal Rights and Human Obligations, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1989), pp. 252- 255.

Reprinted in Raymond Bradley and Stephen Duguid, eds., Environmental Ethics, Volume II (Burnaby, BC: Simon Fraser University, Institute for the Humanities, 1989), pp. 67-83.

Reprinted in James P. Sterba, ed., Earth Ethics: Environmental Ethics, Animal Rights, and Practical Applications (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1995), pp. 317-328.

Reprinted in James E. White, ed., Contemporary Moral Problems, 6th ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 2000), pages 585-594.

Reprinted in Frederick A. Kaufman, Foundations of Environmental Philosophy: A Text with Readings (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2003), pp. 67-73.

Reprinted in Andrew Brennan, ed., The Ethics of the Environment, in The International Research Library of Philosophy (Aldershot, Hampshire, U.K.: Dartmouth Publishing Co., 1995), pages 77-85. U.S. Distributor: Ashgate Publishing Co., Brookfield, VT.

Reprinted in J. Baird Callicott and Clare Palmer, eds., Environmental Philosophy: Critical Concepts in the Environment (London: Routledge, 2005), vol. 4, pp. 263-277.

'Our Duties to Endangered Species,' invited box essay in Gary K. Meffe and C. Ronald Carroll, eds., Principles of Conservation Biology (Sunderland, MA: Sinauer and Associates, 1994), pages 30- 31. 2nd edition, 1997, pages 35-36. Download/print in PDF format.

'Duties to Edangered Species,' reprinted from Rolston, Environmental Ethics, Chapter 4, in Christine Pierce and Donald VanDe Veer, eds., People, Penguins, and Plastic Trees: Basic Issues in Environmental Ethics, 2nd ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1995), pages 314-325.

'Endangered Species and Biodiversity,' in Dominick A. DellaSala and Michael I. Goldstein, eds., Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene (Waltham, MA: Elsevier, 2018), vol. 4, pages 199-203, Download/print in PDF format.



'Environment, Nature, and God,' co-authored with Jack Weir (Department of Philosophy, Hardin-Simmons University). Chapter 22, pages 229-240, in Frederick Ferre, ed., Concepts of Nature and God (Athens: University of Georgia, Department of Philosophy, 1989). Proceedings of 1987 National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute on Concepts of Nature and God.

'Science-Based vs. Traditional Ethics.' Pages 63-72 in J. Ronald Engel and Joan Engel, eds., Ethics of Environment and Development. London: Belhaven Press and Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 1990. Download/print in PDF format.

Published in Chinese translation in Ch'iu Jen-tsung, ed., Kuowaitzyjank'ohsuehchehsuehwent'i (Philosophical Problems in Foreign Natural Science). Chung-kuo she huik'ohsueh, 1994. Beijing: Chinese Social Science Press, 1994. ISBN 7-5004-1514-1. Pages 259-275. Download/print in PDF format.

'Life in Jeopardy on Private Property,' in Kathryn A. Kohm, ed., Balancing on the Brink of Extinction: The Endangered Species Act and Lessons for the Future (Washington, D. C.: Island Press, 1991), pages 43-61.

'Creation and Recreation: Environmental Benefits and Human Leisure.' In B. L. Driver, Perry J. Brown, and George L. Peterson, eds., Benefits of Leisure (State College, PA: Venture Publishing, Inc., 1991), pages 393-403. Download/print in PDF format.

'Fishes in the Desert--Paradox and Responsibility.' In W. L. Minckley and James E. Deacon, eds., Battle Against Extinction: Native Fish Management in the American West, an anthology of the Desert Fishes Council. (Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 1991), pages 93-108. Download/print in PDF Format.

'Wildlife and Wildlands: A Christian Perspective,' in After Nature's Revolt: Eco-justice and Theology, Dieter T. Hessel, ed., (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992), pages 122-143. First published in Church and Society 80 (no. 4, March/April 1990):16-40. Download/print in PDF format.

Reprinted in part as 'Christians, Wildlife, Wildlands,' in Earth Letter, January 2001, pp. 4-6. (Earth Ministry, 1305 NE 47th St., Seattle, WA 98105).

Translated into Chinese as 野生動物與荒野地—基督教的觀點in Dieter T. Hessel, ed., 生态公益：对大地返朴的信仰反省Shengtaigongyi: Dui dadifanpuidexinyangfanxing (Taiwan: DiqiuriChubanshe, 1997), pp. 233-265. Translated by Text Committee of the Taiwan Ecological Theology Center. ISBN 0-8006-2532-3. Download/print in PDF format.

生態靈修, Ecological Spirituality, 生態關懷者協會Taipei: Taiwan Ecological Stewardship Association, 2003. Contains Rolston, 聖經的土地倫理(“Biblical Land Ethics”), a Chinese translation of “Preaching on the Environment,” pp. 13-34. Originally published in JP Journal for Preachers 23 (no. 4, 2000):25-32. With introduction to Holmes Rolston on pp. 10-12.

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882).' Pages 93-100 in Joy A. Palmer and David E. Cooper eds., Key Thinkers on the Environment (London: Routledge, 2018. Earlier printed as pages 93-100 in Joy A. Palmer, ed., Fifty Key Thinkers on the Environment (London: Routledge, 2001). Download/print in PDF Format.

Translated into Japanese. Vol. 1, pages 181-194 in Kankyo no shisoka tachi [Fifty Key Thinkers on the Environment}, trans Sudou Jiyiju (Tokoya: Misuzu Shobo, 2004). ISBN 4-622-08061-X.

'A Forest Ethic and Multivalue Forest Management,' co-authored with James Coufal, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse. Reprinted in Peter C. List, ed., Environmental Ethics and Forestry: A Reader (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000), pages 189-195. Originally in Journal of Forestry 89(no. 4, 1991):35-40.

'Naturalizing Callicott.' Pages 107-122 in Ouderkirk, Wayne, and Hill, Jim, eds., Land, Value, Community: Callicott and Environmental Philosophy (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2002). Download/Print in PDF format.

'Environmental Bioethics,' in Goudie, Andrew S., Editor in Chief, Encyclopedia of Global Change, 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), vol. 1, pp. 399-401.

Environmental Ethics, reprint from Chapter 6, 'The Concept of Natural Value' as 'Valuing the Environment.' Pages 208-211 in Mark J. Smith, ed., Thinking Through the Environment: A Reader (London: Routledge, 1999).

'Science.' Pages 1494-1497 (Volume 2) in Bron R. Taylor, editor-in-chief, The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. London and New York: Thoemmes Continuum Publishers, 2005. Download/print in PDF file.

'Aesthetics of Nature and the Sacred.' Pages 18-21 (Volume 1) in Bron R. Taylor, editor-in-chief, The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. London and New York: Thoemmes Continuum Publishers, 2005. Download/print in PDF format.

'Wild Animals. Duties to' Pages 362-364 in Marc Bekoff with Carron A. Meaney, eds., Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998). 2nd edition: 'Wild Animals and Ethical Perspectives.' Pages 603-606 in Marc Bekoff, ed., (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, ABC Clio, 2010). Download/print in PDF format.

'Endangered Species.' Pages 154-156 in Marc Bekoff with Carron A. Meaney, eds., Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998). 2nd edition: 'Endangered Species and Ethical Perspectives.' Pages 206-207 in Marc Bekoff, ed., (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, ABC Clio, 2010). Download/print in PDF format.

'Landscape from Eighteenth Century to the Present.' Pages 93-99, volume 3, in Michael Kelly, ed., Encyclopedia of Aesthetics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998). Download/print in PDF format. Second edition, 2014. Download/print in PDF format.

'Environmental Ethics and Religion/Science.' Pages 908-928 in Philip Clayton and Zachary Simpson, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Science (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). Download/Print in PDF format.

'Science and Religion in the Face of the Environmental Crisis.' Pages 376-397 in Roger S. Gottlieb, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology. (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). Download/Print in PDF format.

'Loving Nature: Christian Environmental Ethics,' Pages 313-331 in Frederick V. Simmons with Brian C. Sorrels, eds., Love and Christian Ethics: Tradition, Theory, and Society (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2016). Download/Print in PDF.

'Intrinsic Values on Earth: Nature and the Nations.' Pages 47-67 in Henk A.M.J. ten Have, ed., Environmental Ethics and International Policy (Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2006). ISBN: 13:987-92-3-104039-9. Download/print in PDF format.

'Human Uniqueness and Human Dignity.' Pages 129-153 in President's Council on Bioethics, Human Dignity and Bioethics: Essays Commissioned by the President's Council on Bioethics. Washington, DC: President's Council on Bioethics, 2008. Download/print in PDF format.

Reprinted as pages 129-153 in Edmund D. Pellegrino, Adam Schulman, and Thomas W. Merrill, eds., Human Dignity and Bioethics. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2009.

'Converging versus Reconstituting Environmental Ethics.' Pages 97-117 in Ben A. Minteer, ed., Nature in Common: Environmental Ethics and the Contested Foundations of Environmental Policy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009). Evaluation of Bryan G. Norton's 'convergence hypothesis.' Download/Print in PDF format.

Five articles and annotated bibliography in Encylopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy (2009):

'Antarctica.' Volume 1, pages 53-58 in Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, editors, J. Baird Callicott and Robert Frodeman (Detroit: Macmillan Reference, Gale, 2009). Download/print in PDF format.

'Earth Summit.' Volume 1, pages 223-225 in Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, editors, J. Baird Callicott and Robert Frodeman (Detroit: Macmillan Reference, Gale, 2009). Download/print in PDF format.

'Hargrove, Eugene.' Volume 1, pages 482-483 in Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, editors, J. Baird Callicott and Robert Frodeman (Detroit: Macmillan Reference, Gale, 2009). Download/print in PDF format.

'Rio Declaration.' Volume 2, pages 201-202 in Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, editors, J. Baird Callicott and Robert Frodeman (Detroit: Macmillan Reference, Gale, 2009). Download/print in PDF format.

'Wetlands.' Volume 2, pages 397-400 in Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, editors, J. Baird Callicott and Robert Frodeman (Detroit: Macmillan Reference, Gale, 2009). Download/print in PDF format.

'Annotated Bibliography' (in Environmental Ethics and Philosopy). Volume 2, pages 507-514 in Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, editors, J. Baird Callicott and Robert Frodeman (Detroit: Macmillan Reference, Gale, 2009). Download/print in PDF format.


'Value in Nature and the Nature of Value.' In Robin Attfield and Andrew Belsey, eds., Philosophy and the Natural Environment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pages 13-30. Royal Institute of Philosophy, Annual Supplement Volume. Download/print in PDF format. Invited conference address, Royal Society of Philosophy, Annual Conference, University of Wales, Cardiff, July 18-21, 1993.

Reprinted in Andrew Light and Holmes Rolston, III, eds. Environmental Ethics: An Anthology (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003), pages 143-153.

Reprinted in David R. Keller, ed., Environmental Ethics: The Big Questions (Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), pages 130-137.

Reprinted, translated into German 'Werte in derNatur und die NaturderWerte.' In Angelika Krebs, ed., Naturethik. Grundtextedergegenwartigen tier- und okoethischenDiskussion (Ethics of Nature: Fundamental Texts Discussing Contemporary Animal and Ecological Ethics) (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1997), pages 247-270. Download/print in PDF format.
Reprinted, translated into French, 'La valeurdans la nature et la nature de la valeur,' in Hicham-StéphaneAfeissa, editor and translator, Éthique de l'environment: Nature, valeur, respect (Paris: LibrairiePhilosophique J. Vrin, 2007), pages 153-186. Download/print in PDF.

Reprinted, translated into Danish, 'Vaerdiinaturenogvaerdinensnatur,' in Mente Sorensen, Finn Arler, and Martin Ishoy, eds., Miljoogetik (Environment and Ethics) (Aarhus, Denmark: NSI Press, Nordisk Sommeruniversitet, 1997, pages. 17-38. Download/print in PDF format.

Reprinted, translated into Chinese, 自然的价值与价值的本质,Zi ran dijiazhiuujiazhidibenzhi (Value in Nature and the Nature of Value), in 自然辯証法研究,Zi ran bianlunfa yet jiu (Studies in Dialectics of Nature) 15(no. 2, February, 1999):42-46 (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Institue of Philosophy, Beijing). ISSN 1000-8934. Translated by Liu Er. Download/print in PDF format.

Reprinted, translated into Chinese (second time), 'Ziran de jiazhiyujiazhi de benzhi (Value in Nature and the Nature of Value).' Pages 5-12 in Ye Ping, ed., Huanjingyukechixufazhanyanjiu (For Environment and Sustainable Development). Harbin, China: Heilongjiang Science and Technology Press, 1998. ISBN 7-5388-3508-3. Selected proceedings of First All-China Conference on Environment and Development, held in Harbin, China, October 20-24, 1998.

Reprinted, translated into Polish, 'Wartosci w NaturzeiNaturaWartrosci (Value in Nature and the Nature of Value,' shorter version in print ODRA, December 2002, in Zielonyparadygmat (Green Paradigm) supplement (ISSN 0472-5182), Download/print in PDF format.

Οιεγγενείςαξίεςτουφυσικουπεριβάλλοντοςκαιτακαθήκονταπουυπαγορεύονταιπροςαυτό [Environmental Ethics: Values in and Duties to the Natural World] Summarized with commentary by PanagiotisPerros, Philosophy, National University in Athens, Greece, 2004. In Greek. Online at http://filosofia.gr/ecoethics/. Or download/print archived.pdf.

Electronically published (2000) in Discourses, the philosophy section of Primis (McGraw-Hill), an electronic database publication system that enables instructors to create customized anthologies for their courses. See web page: http://www.primisonline.com/primis/philo



'Nature and Culture in Environmental Ethics.' Pages 151-158 in Klaus Brinkmann, ed., Ethics: The Proceedings of the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, vol. 1 (Bowling Green, Ohio: Philosophy Documentation Center, 1999). Invited paper at the Session on Philosophy and the Natural Environment, Robin Attfield, Chair, World Congress of Philosophy, Boston, August 1998. Download/print in PDF format.

'Nature, Culture, and Environmental Ethics / Narava, kultura in etikaokolja.' Pages 25-42 in DusanOgrin, ed., Varstvonaravezunajzavarovanihobmocij / The Conservation of Nature Outside Protected Areas (Ljubljnana, Slovenia: Urad RS zaprostorskaplaniranje, Ministrstvozaokolje in prostor / Office for Physical Planning, Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, Republic of Slovenia, and Institutzakrajinskoarhitekturo, Biotehniskafakulteta / Institute of Landscape Architecture, University of Ljubljana, 1996). In English and also translated into Slovenian. Conference proceedings from European Union, Conference on the Conservation of Nature Outside Protected Areas, Ljubljana, Slovenia, November 1995. Download/Print in PDF format.


'Feeding People versus Saving Nature,' in William Aiken and Hugh LaFollette, eds., World Hunger and Morality, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996), pages 248-267. Download/print in PDF format. By permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

Reprinted in J. Baird Callicott and Clare Palmer, eds., Environmental Philosophy: Critical Concepts in the Environment (London: Routledge, 2005), vol. 4, pp. 23-40.

Reprinted in Robin Attfield, ed., The Ethics of the Environment (Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate, 2008), pp. 13-29.

Reprinted in Roger S. Gottlieb, ed., The Ecological Community (London: Routledge, 1967), pages 208-225.

Reprinted in Hugh LaFollette, ed., Ethics in Practice: An Anthology (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, Ltd, 1997), pages 619-630. 2nd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, Ltd., 2002), pages 621-630.

Reprinted in Donald VanDeVeer and Christine Pierce, eds., The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book: Philosophy, Ecology, Economics, 2nd ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1998), pages 409-420.

Reprinted in David Schmidtz and Elizabeth Willott, eds., Environmental Ethics: Introductory Readings (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pages 404-416. In Environmental Ethics: What Really Matters, What Really Works, second edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), pages 504-516.

Reprinted in Andrew Light and Holmes Rolston, III, eds. Environmental Ethics: An Anthology (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003), pages 451-462. With reply by Robin Attfield, 'Saving Nature, Feeding People, and Ethics,' pages 463-471.

Electronically reprinted on website, Ecospherics International, Inc., Lanark, Ontario, Canada. http://www.ecospherics.net Ted Mosquin, editor. View/download text.

Translated into German as 'MenschenErnahrenoderNaturErhalten?' in Conceptus: Zeitschrift fur philosophie 29(nr. 74, 1996):1-25, with reply,'NaturErhaltenoderMenschenErnahren?' ('Saving Nature or Feeding People?') by Robin Attfield (Philosophy, University of Wales), Conceptus 29:27-45. Download/print in PDF format.


Three critical articles responding to 'Feeding People versus Saving Nature,' (in William Aiken and Hugh LaFollette, eds., World Hunger and Morality, 2nd ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996, pages 248-267) are:

(1) Robin Attfield (Philosophy, University of Wales, Cardiff), 'Saving Nature, Feeding People and Ethics,' Environmental Values 7(1998):291-304.

(2) Andrew Brennan (Philosophy, University of Western Australia), 'Poverty, Puritanism and Environmental Conflict,' Environmental Values 7(1998):305-331.

(3) Ben A. Minteer (School of Natural Resources, University of Vermont), 'No Experience Necessary? Foundationalism and the Retreat from Culture in Environmental Ethics,' Environmental Values 7(1998):333-348.

Rolston's response is 'Saving Nature, Feeding People, and the Foundations of Ethics,' Environmental Values 7(1998):349-357. Download/print in PDF format.

A further critical article is:

(4) Hanna Siurua, 'Nature above People: Rolston and `Fortress' Conservation in the South,' Ethics and the Environment 11 (no. 1, 2006):71-96.


'The Wilderness Idea Reaffirmed,' reprinted in Lori Gruen and Dale Jamieson, eds., Reflecting on Nature: Readings in Environmental Philosophy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 265-278. Originally in Environmental Professional 13(1991):370-377. Download/print in PDF format.

Reprinted in J. Baird Callicott and Michael P. Nelson, eds., The Great New Wilderness Debate (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1998), pages 367-386.

Reprinted in John Lemons, ed., Readings from The Environmental Profesional: Natural Resources (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Science Publishers, 1995), pages 108-115.

Reprinted in Andrew Brennan, ed., The Ethics of the Environment (Aldershot, Hampshire, U.K.: Dartmouth Publishing Co., 1995), pages 445-452.

Reprinted in Joseph DesJardins, ed., Environmental Ethics: Concepts, Policy, Theory (Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Co., 1999), pages 382-391. Originally in Environmental Professional 13(1991):370-377.

Reprinted (in part) in Bill Willers, ed., Unmanaged Landscapes: Voices for Untamed Nature (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999), pp. 179-183.

Reprinted in James E. Coufal and Charles M. Spuches, Environmental Ethics in Practice: Developing a Personal Ethic. Materials for Natural Resources Management Instructors (Syracuse, NY: SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1995).

'Endangered Species and Biodiversity: Ethical Issues' in Encyclopedia of Bioethics, Revised Edition, Warren T. Reich, ed. (New York: Macmillan Library Reference, Simon and Schuster, 1995), pages 671-75. Pages 748-752, vol. 2, in Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 3rd ed., Stephen G. Post, Editor-in-Chief (New York: Macmillan Reference/Thompson Gale, 2004). Download/print in PDF format.

'Wildlife Conservation and Management: Ethical Issues' in Encyclopedia of Bioethics, Revised Edition, Warren T. Reich, ed. (New York: Macmillan Library Reference, Simon and Schuster, 1995), pages 176-80. 'Animal Welfare and Rights III. Wildlife Conservation and Management,' pages 201-204, vol. 1, in Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 3rd ed., Stephen G. Post, Editor-in-Chief (New York: Macmillan Reference/Thompson Gale, 2004). Download/print in PDF format.

'Duties to Endangered Species.' Volume 1, pages 517-528 in Encyclopedia of Environmental Biology, 4 vols. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1995. Download/print in PDF format.

'Biophilia, Selfish Genes, Shared Values' Pages 381-414 in Stephen R. Kellert and Edward O. Wilson, eds., The Biophilia Hypothesis: A Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry (Washington: Island Press, 1993). Download/print in PDF format.



'Environmental Ethics: Some Challenges for Christians.' In Harlan Beckley, ed., The Annual: Society of Christian Ethics (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1993), pages 163-186. Keynote address at the Society of Christian Ethics, Annual National Conference, Savannah, GA, January 8-10, 1993. Download/print in PDF format.

Reprinted in Church and Society, July/August 1996, pages 37-50.

Reprinted in The Egg: An Eco-Justice Quarterly (Environmental Justice Working Group of the National Council of Churches) vol. 13, no. 3 (summer 1993):6-10, 18.

Reprinted, with title: 'Duties to Animals, Plants, Species, and Ecosystems: Challenges for Christians.' In William Gibson, ed., Eco-justice: The Unfinished Journey (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press [SUNY], 2004), pages 133-145.



'Winning and Losing in Environmental Ethics.' In Frederick Ferré‚ and Peter G. Hartel, eds., Ethics and Environmental Policy: Theory Meets Practice (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994), pages 217-234. Download/print in PDF format.

Also published in John Echeverria and Raymond Booth Eby, Let the People Judge: Wise Use and the Private Property Rights Movement (Washington: Island Press, 1995), pages 263-273. Condensed version published in IRAS Newsletter (Institute on Religion in an Age of Science), vol 40, no. 3, 15 April 1992, pp. 2-3.


'Global Environmental Ethics: A Valuable Earth.' In Richard L. Knight and Sara F. Bates, eds., A New Century for Natural Resources Management (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1995), pages 349-366. Download/print in PDF format.

Also published in Ye Ping, et al, eds., Shengt'ahuanchingpaohutzujantzuyuankuanlitililun yen chiu (A Theoretical Study of Ecological Environmental Protection and Management of Natural Resources). He-lung chiangk'ohsueh chi shuch'u pan she, 1995. ISBN 7-5388-2729-3 (Harbin, China: Scientific and Technological Publishing Co., 1995), pages 67-83.

'Creation: God and Endangered Species.' In Ke Chung Kim and Robert D. Weaver, eds., Biodiversity and Landscape (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pages 47-60. Also published in Lawrence S. Hamilton, ed., Ethics, Religion and Biodiversity (Cambridge, England: The White Horse Press, 1993), pages 40-64. Download/Print in PDF format.

Electronically reprinted on website, Ecospherics International, Inc., Lanark, Ontario, Canada. http://www.ecospherics.net Ted Mosquin, editor. View/download text.

'The Value of Life for Itself,' in Elliott A. Norse, ed., Global Marine Biological Diversity: A Strategy for Building Conservation into Decision Making (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993), pages 34-36.

'Foreword' in Laura Westra, An Environmental Proposal for Ethics: The Principle of Integrity (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1994), pages xi-xiii.

'Foreword' in Louis P. Pojman, ed., Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application (Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc., 1994), pages xv-xvi.

'Foreword' in Don E. Marietta, Jr., For People and the Planet: Holism and Humanism in Environmental Ethics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), pages ix-xii.

'Foreword' in ErazimKohak, The Green Halo: A Bird's Eye View of Ecological Ethics. Chicago: Open Court, 2000), pp. xv-xvii.
'Down to Earth: Persons in Place in Natural History.' Pages 285-296 in Andrew Light and Jonathan M. Smith, eds., Philosophy and Geography III: Philosophies of Place. Lanham, MD: Roman and Littlefield, 1998. Download/Print in PDF format.

'Down to Earth: Persons in Place in Natural History.' In Rana P. B. Singh, ed., Environmental Ethics: Discourses, and Cultural Traditions: Festschrift to Arne Naess (Varanasi, India: The National Geographical Society of India, 1993), pages 55-63; also published as the National Geographical Journal of India, vol. 39, parts 1-4, 1993.

'People, Population, Prosperity, and Place.' In Noel J. Brown and Pierre Quiblier, eds., Ethics & Agenda 21: Moral Implications of a Global Consensus (New York: United Nations Publications, United Nations Environment Programme, 1994), pages 35-38. Ethical evaluation of the UN strategy document from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio Earth Summit). Download/print in PDF format.

'Environmental Protection and an Equitable International order: Ethics after the Earth Summit.' In Donald A. Brown, compiler, Proceedings of the Interdisciplinary Conference Held at the United Nations on the Ethical Dimensions of the United Nations Program on Environmental and Development, Agenda 21 (Camp Hill, Pa: Earth Ethics Research Group, 1994), pages 267-284.

Environmental


'Aesthetic Experience in Forests.' Reprinted in Peter C. List, ed., Environmental Ethics and Forestry: A Reader (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000), pages 80-92. Download/print in PDF format. Originally in Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 56(1998):157-166.

Reprinted in Allen Carlson and Arnold Berleant, eds., The Aesthetics of Natural Environments (Peterborough, Ontario: Broadviesw Press, 2004), pages 182-196.

Reprinted, translated into Finnish, 'Esteettinenkokemusmetissä,' in YrjöSepänmaa, ed. MetsäänMieleni (Helsinki: Maahenski, 2003), pages 31-47. Download/print in PDF fomat.



'Aesthetics in the Swamps,' translated into Finnish as 'Soidenestethkanekologinenperusta .' In KirsiHakala, ed.,Suo on kaunis ( The Aesthetics of Bogs and Peatlands ). (Helsinki: MaahenkiOy, 1999), pages 43-57. ISBN 952-5328-01-5. Lecture given at Third International Conference on Environmental Aesthetics, Ilomantsi, Finland, June 3-6, 1998. Download/print in PDF format. Also published as 'Aesthetics in the Swamps,' Perspectives in Biology and Medicine (University of Chicago; Johns Hopkins University) 43(2000):584-597.

'Celestial Aesthetics: Over our Heads and/or in our Heads,' translated into Finnish as 'Taivaspäämme: Ylläjapäässämme.' In YrjöSepänmaa, LiisaHeikkilä-Palo, and VirpiKaukio, eds., Korkeataivas [High Sky]. (Helsinki: MaahenkiOy, 2012), pages 162-177. Lecture given at Seventh International Conference on Environmental Aesthetics, March 25-29, 2009, at Valamo Monastery, Heinävesi, Finland. Download/print in PDF format.

'Does Aesthetic Appreciation of Landscapes Need to be Science-Based?' Reprinted, translated into Finnish, 'Onkomaisemienesteettisenarvioinninpohjattavateiteeseen?' Pages 80-91 in YrjöSepänmaa, LiisaHeikkilä-Palo and VirpiKaukio, eds. Maisemankanssakasvokkain (Looking toward the Landscape). Helsinki: MaahenkiOy, 2007 ISBN: 978-952-5652-02-4 Download/Print in PDF format. Also published in British Journal of Aesthetics 35(1995):374-386. Address at 'Meeting in the Landscape,' the First International Conference on Environmental Aesthetics,' Koli, Finland, June 1994.



'Restoration,' in William Throop, ed., Environmental Restoration (Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, Prometheus Press, 2000), pp. 127-132. Reprinted from Conserving Natural Value (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), Chapter 3, Section 5, pp. 88-93.

'Can and Ought We to Follow Nature?' in German translation as 'Konnen und sollenwirderNaturfolgen?' in Dieter Birnbacher, ed., Okophilosophie (Ditzingen, Germany: Philipp Reclam jun. Stuttgart, Reclaims Universal Bibliothek, 1997), pages. 242-285.

Reprinted in Andrew Brennan, ed., The Ethics of the Environment, in The International Research Library of Philosophy (Aldershot, Hampshire, U.K.: Dartmouth Publishing Co., 1995). U.S. Distributor: Ashgate Publishing Co., Brookfield, VT.

Reprinted by The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom in curriculum materials for a university and correspondence course, A211: Philosophy and the Human Situation. Reprinted March 1999.

Reprinted in part in John Benson, Environmental Ethics: An Introduction with Readings (London: Routledge, 2000, pages 237-242.

Reprinted in J. Baird Callicott and Clare Palmer, eds., Environmental Philosophy: Critical Concepts in the Environment (London: Routledge, 2005), vol. 1, pp. 175-198.


'What Is Responsible Management of Private Rangeland?' In Larry D. White, ed., Private Property Rights and Responsibilities of Rangeland Owners and Managers (College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University, 1995), pages 39-49. Proceedings from a conference of the Texas Section of the Society for Range Management. Download/print in PDF format.



'Humans Valuing the Natural Environment,' in Barbara MacKinnon, Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues, 2nd ed., (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1998), pages 331-341. 3rd ed, 2001, pages 372-382. Reprinted from Rolston, Environmental Ethics, chapter 1.

'Philosophy' (Chapter 9) [Environmental Ethics in the Undergraduate Philosophy Curriculum]. In Jonathan Collett and Stephen J. Karakashian, eds., Greening the College Curriculum: A Guide to Environmental Teaching in the Liberal Arts (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1996), pages 206-234. Download/Print in PDF format.

'Nature, Spirit, and Landscape Management.' Pages 17-24 in Beverly L. Driver, Daniel Dustin, Tony Baltic, Gary Eisner, and George Peterson, eds., Nature and the Human Spirit: Toward an Expanded Land Management Ethic (State College, PA: Venture Publishing Co., 1996). Anthology published by a U.S. Forest Service task force. Download/print in PDF format.

'Earth Ethics: A Challenge to Liberal Education.' Pages 161- 192 in J. Baird Callicott and Fernando Jos‚ R. da Rocha, eds., Earth Summit Ethics: Toward a Reconstructive Postmodern Philosophy of Environmenta] Education (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996). Keynote address at Conference on Ethics, University, and Environment' at Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, May 25-29, 1992. Download/print in PDF format.


'Environmental Science and Environmental Advocacy.' Pages 137-153 in Anders Nordgren, ed., Science, Ethics, Sustainability: The Responsibility of Science in Attaining Sustainable Development, Centre for Research Ethics, University of Uppsala, Sweden. ActaUniversitatisUpsaliensis, Studies in Bioethics and Research Ethics 2 (Uppsala, Sweden, Centre for Research Ethics, 1997). Download/Print in PDF format. Also presented at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Annual Meeting, Atlanta, February 16-21, 1995.



'Values in Nature.' Translated into Finnish in MarkkuOksanen and MarjoRauhala-Hayes, eds.,Ymparistofilosofia: Kirjoituksiaymparistonsuojeluneettisistaperusteista (Environmental Philosophy: Critical Sources in Environmental Theory and Ethics (Heksinki: Gaudeamus, OyYliopistokustannus, Finnish University Press, 1997), pages 205-224. Originally in Environmental Ethics 3(1981):113-128. Also published in Philosophy Gone Wild. Download/Print in PDF format.


'Using Water Naturally,' revised version in Building Clean Water Communities: Proceedings, Sixth Annual Nonpoint Source Pollution Management Workshop, 1998, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 7, March 23-25, Lawrence, KS, pages 70-84, Judy Scherff, Coordinator. Originally published by Natural Resources Law Center, University of Colorado, Western Water Policy Project, Discussion Series Paper No. 9, 1991. Similar version published in Illahee, Journal for the Northwest Environment 11 (nos. 1-2, Spring-Summer, 1995), pages 94-98. Download/print Illahee version in PDF format.

'Ethics on the Home Planet.' Pages 107-139 in Anthony Weston, ed, An Invitation to Environmental Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Download/print in PDF format.

'Valuing the Environment,' pages 208-211 in Mark J Smith, ed., Thinking Through the Environment: A Reader (London: Routledge, 1999). Reprinted from Environmental Ethics: Values in and Duties to the Natural World (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988), Chapter 6.

'A Managed Earth and the End of Nature?' Pages 143-164 in Marina Paola Banchetti-Robino, Don E. Marietta, Jr. and Lester Embree, ed. Philosophies of the Environment and Technology, vol. 18 of Research in Philosophy and Technology (Stamford, CT: JAI Press, 1999). Download/print in PDF format.

'Philosophical Aspects of the Environmental Crisis,' in Phillip O. Foss, ed., Environment and Colorado: A Handbook, (Fort Collins Colorado: Environmental Resources Center, Colorado State University, 1973), pages 41-46. Download/Print in PDF format.

'Ethics and the Environment' (Types of Environmental Ethics). Chapter 11 in Paul de Vries, Robert M. Veatch, Lisa H. Newton, Emily V. Baker and Michael Lewis Richardson, eds., Ethics Applied, edition 2 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), pages 407-437. Download/print in PDF format.

Translated into Chinese (Taiwan) as 环境伦理学的种类 [Huan-ChingLun-Li-Shuehte Chung-Lei] [Ethics and the Environment], in Tzu-Mei Chen, ed. 环境伦理学入门 [Huan-Jing Luun-Li-SheiRu-Men] [Introduction to Environmental Ethics], Volume I. pages 261-301,translated by Yu-Lin Wu. (Tapei: Taiwan Ecological Stewardship Association, 2007). ISBN 978-986-84047-0-0. Download/print in PDF format.

Translated into Chinese (PRC): 'Huanjinglunlixue de leixing' in ZhexueYicong(Philosophy Digest of Translation), (Journal of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Institute of Philosophy, Beijing), 1999, no. 4, pp. 17-22. Translator: Liu Er. ISSN 1002-8854.

'Respect for Life: Counting What Singer Finds of No Account.' Pages 247-268 in Dale Jamieson, ed., Singer and His Critics (Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1999). Download/print in PDF format.

Translated into German: 'Das berucksichtigen, was Singer alsbelanglosansieht.' Natur und Kultur: TransdisziplinaereZeitschriftfueroekologischeNachhaltigkeit 2(no. 1, 2001):97-116. Download/Print in PDF Format.

'Biodiversity,' in Dale Jamieson, ed., A Companion to Environmental Philosophy (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2001), pp. 402-415. Download/print in PDF format.

'Values Deep in the Woods.' Reprinted in Peter C. List, ed., Environmental Ethics and Forestry: A Reader (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000), pages 75-79. Originally in American Forests 94, nos. 5 & 6 (May/June 1988:33, 66-69. Download/print original in PDF format.

Electronically reprinted on website, Ecospherics International, Inc., Lanark, Ontario, Canada. http://www.ecospherics.net Ted Mosquin, editor. View/download text.

'Valuing Wildlands.' Reprinted in R. Kerry Turner, Kenneth Button, and Peter Nijkamp, eds. Ecosystems and Nature: Economics, Science and Policy (Cheltenham, Gloucester, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Co., 1999), pages 463-488. Originally in Environmental Ethics 7(1985):23-48.Download/print original in PDF format.

Reprinted in J. Baird Callicott and Clare Palmer, eds., Environmental Philosophy: Critical Concepts in the Environment (London: Routledge, 2005), vol. 3, pp. 320-346.

'Enforcing Environmental Ethics: Civic Law and Natural Value.' Pages 349-369 in James P. Sterba, ed., Social and Political Philosophy: Contemporary Perspectives. London: Routledge, 2001. Download/print in PDF format.

Reprinted (in part) in International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education (International Geographical Union, Channel View Publications, Clevedon, UK): 11 (no. 1, 2002):76-79.

Reprinted (in part) in Environmental Law News, Special Yosemite Commemorative Issue, October 2011, pp. 23-28. Publication of the Environmental Law Section of the State Bar of California. The State Bar of California, Environmental Law Section, 180 Howard Street, San Francisco, CA 94105-1639. Download/print in PDF format.



Current Environmental Ethics Issues

'From Beauty to Duty: Aesthetics of Nature and Environmental Ethics,' in Arnold Berleant, ed., Environment and the Arts: Perspectives on Environmental Aesthetics (Aldershot, Hampshire and Burlington, VT: UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2002), pages 127-141. Download/print in PDF format.

Reprinted in Allen Carlson and Sheila Lintott, eds., Nature, Aesthetics, and Environmentalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), pages 325-338.

Reprinted, translated by Zhao, Hongmei into Chinese,从美到责任 : 自然的美学与环境伦理学 [Cong meidaozeren : zi ran de meixueyuhuanjinglunlixue] [From Beauty to Duty: Aesthetics of Nature and Environmental Ethics]. Hubei Center for Morality and Civilization, Hubei University, 价值论与伦理学研究[Jiazhilunyulunlixueyanjiu] [Axiology and Ethics], pages 24-40 (Beijing: Chinese Social Science Publishing Co., 2009). ISBN 978-7-5004-7967-3. Download/print in PDF format.

Reprinted, translated into Chinese, second time, as 从美到责任：自然美学和环境伦理学. Pages 127-169 in:环境與艺术:环境美学的多维视角Huanjingyuyishu: Huanjingmeixue de duoweishijiao, editor/translators Liu, Yuedi, 刘悅笛, Bo Lin Te 伯林特(Chinese translation of: Arnold Berleant, ed., Environment and the Arts: Perspectives on Environmental Aesthetics): Chonqing: Chongqing chu ban she (Chonquing Publishing House), 2007. ISBN: 978-7-5366-8509-3. Also in electronic form: an Apabi e-book.

Reprinted, translated into French, as 'De la beauté au devoir: Esthétique de la nature et éthique environnementale,' pages 277-310 in Hicham-Stéphanie and Yann Lafolie, eds., Esthétique de l'environnement: Appreciation, connaissance et devoir (Paris: Librarie Philosophique J. Vrin, 2015).


'Intrinsic Values in Nature.' Pages 76-84 in II CongressoBrasileiro de Unidades de Conservaçao, Anais, vol 1., Conferências e Palestras, organizers Miguel Serediuk Milano and VerônicaTheulen (Proceedings of the Second Brazilian Congress on Conservation Areas, November 5-9, 2000, Campo Grande, Brazil.

'Intrinsic Values in Nature.' Pages 1-11 in ÆsaSigurjónsdóttir and ÓlafurPállJónsson, eds., Art, Ethics and Environment: A Free Inquiry Into the Vulgarly Received Notion of Nature. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2006. ISBN 1-84718-039-6. Anthology from conference: Nature in the Kingdom of Ends, Selfoss, Iceland, 2005. Download/print in PDF format.


'What Do We Mean by the Intrinsic Value and Integrity of Plants and Animals?' Pages 5-10 in David Heaf and Johannes Wirz, eds., Genetic Engineering and the Intrinsic Value and Integrity of Plants and Animals, Proceedings of a Workshop at the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, UK. Dornach, Switzerland: Ifgene, International Forum for Genetic Engineering, 2002. Keynote address at the conference. Download/print in PDF format.

'In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation: Philosophical and Ethical Concerns.' Pages 21-39 in Edward O. Guerrant, Jr., Kathy Havens, and Mike Maunder, eds. Ex Situ Plant Conservation: Supporting Species in the Wild. Society for Ecological Restoration International and Center for Plant Conservation. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2004. Download/print in PDF format.

'Environmental Virtue Ethics: Half the Truth but Dangerous as a Whole.' Pages 61-78 in Ronald Sandler and Philip Cafaro, eds., Environmental Virtue Ethics. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2005. Download/Print in PDF format.

Translated into German, 'Umwelt-Tugendethik: Die halbeWarheit - Siefür das Ganzezuhalten, istabergefährlich (Environmental Virtue Ethics: Half the Truth but Dangerous as a Whole),' in Natur und Kultur 6/1 (2005):93-112. Download/Print in PDF format.

'Dominion,' entry in Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability, Volume 1, The Spirit of Sustainability, ed. Willis Jenkins (Great Barrington, Mass: Berkshire Publishing Group, 2010), pp.110-111. Download/print in PDF format.

'Science, Religion, and Ecology,' entry in Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability, Volume 1, The Spirit of Sustainability, ed. Willis Jenkins. Great Barrington, Mass: Berkshire Publishing Group, 2010), pp. 353-356. Download/print in PDF format.

'Greening Education: The Next Millennium.' Afterword, pages 191-196 in American Association of State Colleges and Universities, Stewardship of Public Lands: A Handbook for Educators. Washington: American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU), 2010. Download/print in PDF format.

'A Hinge Point of History.' Pages 70-74 in Kathleen Dean Moore and Michael P. Nelson, eds., Moral Ground: Ethical Action for a Planet in Peril. San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 2010. Download/print in PDF format.

'Sustainable Development and Sustainable Biosphere.' Pages 91-101 in Jack Lee, ed., Sustainability and Quality of Life. Palo Alto, CA: Ria University Press, 2010. Distributed by Ingram. ISBN 978-0-9743472-1-9. Originally a lecture given at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Annual Meeting, 12-16 February, 2009, Chicago: Our Planet and Its Life: Origins and Futures. Download/Print in PDF format.Online streaming video, Windows Media, 30 minutes.


'Sustainable Development vs. Sustainable Biosphere.' Pages 195-199 in Haydn Washington and Paul Twomey eds., A Future Beyond Growth: Towards a Steady State Economy. London: Routledge, Earthscan, 2016. Shorter version of the above given at the 2014 Fenner Conference on the Environment, Australian Academy of Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney. Download/print in PDF Format. Also copies in CSU main library and in Rolston Library in Eddy Library.

'Environmental Ethics for Tomorrow: Sustaining the Biosphere.' Pages 347-358 in Helen Kopnina and Eleanor Shoreman-Ouimet, eds., Sustainability: Key Issues. New York: Routledge, 2015. Download/print in PDF format. Also copies in CSU main library and in Rolston Library in Eddy Library.

'Environmental Ethics and Environmental Anthropology.' Pages 276-287 in Helen Kopnina and Eleanor Shoreman-Ouimet, eds., Routledge Handbook of Environmental Anthropology. London: Routledge, Earthscan. 2017 Download/print in PDF format. Also copies in CSU Main Library and in Rolston Library in Eddy Library. Also online at: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/178141.

'On Behalf of Bioexuberance.' Pages 347-354, in Michael Ruse, ed., Philosophy of Biology, 2nd ed. (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2007).Originally published in Garden 11, no. 4 (July/August 1987): 2-4, 31-32. New York Botanical Gardens. Download/print original in PDF format.

'Environment' (Theism and Environment). Pages 541-552 in Charles Taliaferro, Victoria S. Harrison, and Stewart Goetz, eds., The Routledge Companion to Theism (London: Routledge, 2013). Download/Print in PDF format.

'Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Altruism.' Pages 211-222 in Douglas A. Vakoch, ed., Extraterrestrial Altruism: Evolution and Ethics in the Cosmos. (Heidelberg: Springer, 2014). Download/Print in PDF format.

Environmental Ethics Pdf

Rolston short entry, untitled (June 7), p. 179 in Todd E. MacLean, ed., Global Chorus: 365 Voices on the Future of the Planet (Toronto: Rocky Mountain Books, 2014). Download/print in PDF format.

'Ecosystems, Food, Agriculture, and Ethics.' In Paul B. Thompson and David M. Kaplan, eds.,Encyclopedia of Good and Agricultural Ethics (Dordrecht: Springer Science and Business Media, 2014.) Download/Print in PDF Format.

Environmental Ethics Pojman Pdf

'Species, Value of.' Pages 4972-4980 in HughLaFollette, ed., The International Encyclopedia of Ethics (Bognor Regis,West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013). Online ISBN:9781444367072.DOI:10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee023. Download/Print in PDF Format.

'Leading and Misleading Metaphors: From Organism to Anthropocene,' pages 103-116 in Kenneth Worthy, Elizabeth Allison, and Whitney A. Bauman, eds., After the Death of Nature: Carolyn Merchant and the Future of Human-Nature Relations. New York and London: Routledge, 2019. Download/Print in PDF Format.





Research Conference

The following papers appear in an issue of the Center for Theology and Natural Sciences Bulletin, vol. 11, no. 2, the proceedings of a research conference devoted to Rolston's work at the Center for Theology and Natural Sciences, Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, CA, February 8-16, 1991.

'Respect for Life: Christians, Creation, and Environmental Ethics,' pp. 1-8.

'Genes, Genesis, and God in Natural and Human History, pp. 9- 23